由于精确定位传感器，人工智能（AI）的安全功能，自动驾驶系统，连接的车辆，高通量计算和边缘计算服务器的技术进步，驾驶安全分析最近经历了前所未有的改进。特别是，深度学习（DL）方法授权音量视频处理，从路边单元（RSU）捕获的大型视频中提取与安全相关的功能。安全指标是调查崩溃和几乎冲突事件的常用措施。但是，这些指标提供了对整个网络级流量管理的有限见解。另一方面，一些安全评估工作致力于处理崩溃报告，并确定与道路几何形状，交通量和天气状况相关的崩溃的空间和时间模式。这种方法仅依靠崩溃报告，而忽略了交通视频的丰富信息，这些信息可以帮助确定违规行为在崩溃中的作用。为了弥合这两个观点，我们定义了一组新的网络级安全指标（NSM），以通过处理RSU摄像机拍摄的图像来评估交通流的总体安全性。我们的分析表明，NSM显示出与崩溃率的显着统计关联。这种方法与简单地概括单个崩溃分析的结果不同，因为所有车辆都有助于计算NSM，而不仅仅是碰撞事件所涉及的NSM。该视角将交通流量视为一个复杂的动态系统，其中某些节点的动作可以通过网络传播并影响其他节点的崩溃风险。我们还提供了附录A中的代孕安全指标（SSM）的全面审查。

When annotators label data, a key metric for quality assurance is inter-annotator agreement (IAA): the extent to which annotators agree on their labels. Though many IAA measures exist for simple categorical and ordinal labeling tasks, relatively little work has considered more complex labeling tasks, such as structured, multi-object, and free-text annotations. Krippendorff's alpha, best known for use with simpler labeling tasks, does have a distance-based formulation with broader applicability, but little work has studied its efficacy and consistency across complex annotation tasks. We investigate the design and evaluation of IAA measures for complex annotation tasks, with evaluation spanning seven diverse tasks: image bounding boxes, image keypoints, text sequence tagging, ranked lists, free text translations, numeric vectors, and syntax trees. We identify the difficulty of interpretability and the complexity of choosing a distance function as key obstacles in applying Krippendorff's alpha generally across these tasks. We propose two novel, more interpretable measures, showing they yield more consistent IAA measures across tasks and annotation distance functions.

The estimation of the generalization error of classifiers often relies on a validation set. Such a set is hardly available in few-shot learning scenarios, a highly disregarded shortcoming in the field. In these scenarios, it is common to rely on features extracted from pre-trained neural networks combined with distance-based classifiers such as nearest class mean. In this work, we introduce a Gaussian model of the feature distribution. By estimating the parameters of this model, we are able to predict the generalization error on new classification tasks with few samples. We observe that accurate distance estimates between class-conditional densities are the key to accurate estimates of the generalization performance. Therefore, we propose an unbiased estimator for these distances and integrate it in our numerical analysis. We show that our approach outperforms alternatives such as the leave-one-out cross-validation strategy in few-shot settings.

Climate change is expected to aggravate wildfire activity through the exacerbation of fire weather. Improving our capabilities to anticipate wildfires on a global scale is of uttermost importance for mitigating their negative effects. In this work, we create a global fire dataset and demonstrate a prototype for predicting the presence of global burned areas on a sub-seasonal scale with the use of segmentation deep learning models. Particularly, we present an open-access global analysis-ready datacube, which contains a variety of variables related to the seasonal and sub-seasonal fire drivers (climate, vegetation, oceanic indices, human-related variables), as well as the historical burned areas and wildfire emissions for 2001-2021. We train a deep learning model, which treats global wildfire forecasting as an image segmentation task and skillfully predicts the presence of burned areas 8, 16, 32 and 64 days ahead of time. Our work motivates the use of deep learning for global burned area forecasting and paves the way towards improved anticipation of global wildfire patterns.

Forecasting the state of vegetation in response to climate and weather events is a major challenge. Its implementation will prove crucial in predicting crop yield, forest damage, or more generally the impact on ecosystems services relevant for socio-economic functioning, which if absent can lead to humanitarian disasters. Vegetation status depends on weather and environmental conditions that modulate complex ecological processes taking place at several timescales. Interactions between vegetation and different environmental drivers express responses at instantaneous but also time-lagged effects, often showing an emerging spatial context at landscape and regional scales. We formulate the land surface forecasting task as a strongly guided video prediction task where the objective is to forecast the vegetation developing at very fine resolution using topography and weather variables to guide the prediction. We use a Convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) architecture to address this task and predict changes in the vegetation state in Africa using Sentinel-2 satellite NDVI, having ERA5 weather reanalysis, SMAP satellite measurements, and topography (DEM of SRTMv4.1) as variables to guide the prediction. Ours results highlight how ConvLSTM models can not only forecast the seasonal evolution of NDVI at high resolution, but also the differential impacts of weather anomalies over the baselines. The model is able to predict different vegetation types, even those with very high NDVI variability during target length, which is promising to support anticipatory actions in the context of drought-related disasters.

众所周知，深厚的强化学习者是效率低下的样本，这大大限制了其在现实世界中的应用。最近，已经设计了许多基于模型的方法来解决这个问题，以了解世界模型是最突出的方法之一。但是，尽管与模拟环境的几乎无限互动听起来很吸引人，但世界模型必须在较长时间内准确。在序列建模任务中变形金刚的成功的动机，我们介绍了Iris，这是一种数据效率的代理，它在由离散自动编码器和自动回归变压器组成的世界模型中学习。在Atari 100k基准中，艾里斯（Iris）的平均正常化得分为1.046，而在26场比赛中的10场比赛中，艾里斯（Iris）的平均正常化得分为1.046。我们的方法为无需lookahead搜索的方法设定了新的技术状态，甚至超过了Muzero。为了培养有关变压器和世界模型的未来研究，用于样品有效的增强学习，我们在https://github.com/eloialonso/iris上发布了代码库。

我们介绍了仇恨言论推文的Hateval语料库（Basile等，2019年）的丰富，旨在促进自动化的反叙事一代。与以前的工作相比（Chung etal。2019），手动书面反叙事与推文有关。但是，仅此信息似乎不足以获得反叙事生成的令人满意的语言模型。这就是为什么我们还根据Wagemanns（2016）提供了带有争论性信息的注释推文，我们认为可以帮助建立令人信服和有效的反叙事，以针对特定群体进行仇恨言论。我们讨论了这种注释过程的充分和困难，并提出了几个基线以自动检测带注释的元素。初步结果表明，自动注释者会靠近人类注释者来检测论证的某些方面，而其他人仅达到低或中等水平的通知者一致性。

语言的自动处理在我们的生活中普遍存在，经常在我们的决策中扮演核心角色，例如为我们的消息和邮件选择措辞，翻译我们的读物，甚至与我们进行完整的对话。单词嵌入是现代自然语言处理系统的关键组成部分。它们提供了一种词的表示，从而提高了许多应用程序的性能，从而是含义的表现。单词嵌入似乎可以捕捉到原始文本中单词的含义的外观，但与此同时，它们还提炼了刻板印象和社会偏见，后来传达给最终应用。这样的偏见可能是歧视性的。检测和减轻这些偏见，以防止自动化过程的歧视行为非常重要，因为它们的规模可能比人类更有害。目前，有许多工具和技术可以检测和减轻单词嵌入中的偏见，但是它们为没有技术技能的人的参与带来了许多障碍。碰巧的是，大多数偏见专家，无论是社会科学家还是对偏见有害，没有这样的技能的环境，并且由于技术障碍而无法参与偏见检测过程。我们研究了现有工具中的障碍，并与不同种类的用户探索了它们的可能性和局限性。通过此探索，我们建议开发一种专门旨在降低技术障碍的工具，并提供探索能力，以满足愿意审核这些技术的专家，科学家和一般人的要求。

我们提出了一种数据驱动的方法，用于学习振幅方程的替代模型，并说明了其在相位场系统的界面动力学上的应用。特别是，我们证明了学习有效的部分微分方程，描述了从全相位字段数据中的相位场界面的演变。我们在模型相位字段系统上进行了说明，其中分析近似方程（高阶Eikonal方程及其近似值Kardar-Parisi-Zhang（KPZ）方程）是已知的。对于此系统，我们讨论了数据驱动的方法，以识别准确描述前接口动力学的方程式。当上面提到的分析近似模型变得不准确时，随着我们超越基本假设的有效性区域，数据驱动的方程式优于它们。在这些制度中，超越了黑盒标识，我们探索了不同的方法来学习分析近似模型的数据驱动校正，从而导致有效的灰色盒子部分微分方程。

处理稀疏奖励是强化学习（RL）的长期挑战。事后观察经验重播（她）通过重复使用失败的轨迹作为一个目标作为另一个目标的轨迹来解决这个问题。这允许最低奖励密度和跨多个目标的概括。但是，已知这种策略会导致偏见的价值函数，因为更新规则低估了随机环境中不良结果的可能性。我们提出了一种基于重要性抽样算法的渐近无偏见，以解决此问题，而无需在确定性环境上牺牲绩效。我们在一系列机器人系统上展示了其有效性，包括挑战高维随机环境。